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fliotographic 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

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CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Histories!  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1 


» 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
origins:  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction .  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


0    Coloured  covers/ 
Couveiturt  de  couleur 


I      I   Covers  damaged/ 


D 


V 


D 
D 


D 


Couverture  endommagAe 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculAe 


I      I   Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gftographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bl'jue  ou  noire) 

I      I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReiiA  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  sa  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  rastauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  hxh  film6es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  kXh  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthode  normale  de  f ilmage 
sont  indiquts  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restauries  et/ou  pelliculAes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe< 
Pages  dicolortes,  tachetAes  ou  piquAes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r^  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

r~n  Pages  detached/ 

r~|  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


0 

e 
b 
ri 
ri 
n 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6ti  filmies  h  nouveau  de  fa^on  k 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  ftlmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


B 

itails 
B  du 
lodifier 
r  una 
Image 


The  copy  filmed  here  haa  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
g4n4rosit4  de: 

La  bibliothdque  Hes  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Las  images  suivantes  ont  6x6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet«  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exeinplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  Cv^mmen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


rrata 
o 


>elure. 
Id 


J 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

i 


c 


J 


2) 

S3C 


■•■  I  niwmufwtwpw"**'"*  '«••»■« 


f^OSv- 


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PRICE  ONE  POLIAR  AND  FIFTY  GENTS. 


H^IISTD-BOOK 


AND 


INdl^P 


TO 


THE  GOLD  REGION 


OP 


i 


Frazer's  and  Thompson's  Rivers, 


WITH 


TABLE  OF  DISTANCES. 


By  ALEXANDER  C.  ANDBRSOlSr, 

.    Late  Chief  Trader  Hudson  Bay  Co's  Service. 


-«i^ 


TO  WHICH  IS  APPENDED 


CHINOOK  JARGON— LANGUAGE  USED 


Etc.,  Etc. 


PUBLISHED  BY  J.  J.  LE  COUNT, 

SAN  FRANCISOO.  ' 

Entewsd  ftccording  to  Act  cf  Congress,  in  tlie  yenr  18fi8,  by  Alexander  C.  Ander- 
son, ill  the  Cleik'8  Offiie  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Nortlievn  District  of  Cnla, 


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A- 


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T*  RE  FACE. 


-♦•■♦- 


TriE  writer's  naiiio  ha\iiio;  hcvn  receiitlv 
referred  to  in  the  public  prints  ot'  r)i(0'on,  in 
connection  with  the  new  o-old  di^-u'lno-s  in  the 
Coutenii  country,  he  has  since  been  fi'orjiiently 
api>lied  to  for  information  in  regard  to  tlie 
routes  of  access  to  that  region. 

As  the  readiest  mode  of  answering*  sucli 
inipiiries,  and  to  save  tlie  task  of  fi'e([uent 
re[)etition,  he  has  thought  it  well  to  present 
the  result  of  some  of  his  by-gone  ex])crienccs 
in  a  compendious  form. 

The  accompanying  map,  it  is  trusted,  if  it 
fails  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  professional 
geographer,  will  be  found  fully  to  answer  the 
end  in  view.  The  princii>al  ])()ints  ai'e  set 
down  with  accuracjy,  and  the  details,  for  all 
practical  purposes,  will  be  found  cori'cct. 

The  explanatory  notes,  it  is  believed,  will 
not  be  without  their  value  to  persons  about  to 
visit  a  country  so  far  generally  unknown. 

ALEX.  C.  ANDERSON. 


Cattilamet,  W.  T.  ) 
May  3d,  1858.     f 


:Nr  o  T  E  s 

IN  RKFEIIKXCE  TO 

THE  ROUTES  OF  COMI\[UNICATION 

WITH   THE 

6o(b  lltgioit  on  Jfni^fr's  ^ikr, 

EXPLANATORY  of  llic  A('t'OMl'A>(VING  MAP. 


-«•♦- 


Frazeu's  liivER  dii^cliaro*cs  itself  into  the 
Gulf  of  Georgia,  n  Utile  to  the  north  of  the 
49th  parallel.  The  head  waters  of  its  principal 
branch  interlock  with  those  of  the  Cohiniljia 
and  the  Athal)asca.  At  the  distance  of  IGO 
miles  from  its  mouth,  it  is  joined  by  Tliomp- 
son's  River,  a  lari>;c  stream  Howinij  from  the 
eastward.  As  indicated  in  the  niap,  the  Cas- 
cade ran2;e  of  mountains  —  which  may  be 
viewed  as  a  continuation  of  the  Sierra  Neva- 
da— ceases  at  this  point.  Here,  and  in  its  im- 
mediate vicinity,  the  diggings  which  are  now 
creating  so  much  excitement,  liave  been  in 


4 


K\n,AN.\T()UV    NOTKS. 


pi'oo'i'OF-.s  siiu'o  last  Suiiiiix'r ;  tlioim'h  tlicir 
i'ii'1iiR','-s,  now  Mjt[>ni'(Miily  so  w<'ll  autlK'iitica- 
tc't],  was  not  ascoitaincJ  till   more  latt'ly. 

TIktc  arc  two  distinct  lines  ot*  approach  to 
tlieso  mines:  one  bv  the  dirort  roiitc  llironi>*li 
Fra/er's  liiNor;  the  other  bv  way  of  the  Co- 
Innihia  ]kiv<'r,  hy  l*ortlan<l  an<l  tlie  l)alles, 
and  theneo  with  p;ick  aninuils  tlirongh  the 
trails  us(!(l  until  recently  by  the  JImlsonVl*ay 
Company,  for  tlieir  connnunications  atul  for 
tlie  transport  of  snp[>lies  for  the  interior. 

These  routes  will  be  separately  considered. 


i. 


Route  via  Fort  Langley. 

Fort  Langley,  tlie  lowest  post  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company  on  Fi-azer's  lliver,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  lefl^^*  bank,  about  twenty-live  miles 
from  the  entrance.  Thus  far  the  stream  is 
navii»"able  for  vessels  of  considerable  burthen, 
the  precaution  of  sounding  or  buoying  the 
sand-heads  at  the  entranc-e  being  tirst  adopted, 
in  the  absence  of  a  qnalilied  pilot.  The  as- 
cent, however,  short  as  the  distance  is,  is  rath- 
er tedious  for  a  sailing  vessel,  as  the  river  is 

*  In  this,  aiul  all  other  iiif^tancos  where  the  like  distinctions 
may  be  employed,  it  is  with  reference  to  tlio  descending/  stream. 


KXl'LANATOUV    NOTES. 


liiii(l-l<)i'lv(it],  an.]  tho  wiiiJs  coiiscnuontly  iirci;- 

iilar  nil.!  (•.".Illliin". 

H  Fort  II<)j)c  irt  ji  siiiiill  post  sltuati'd  near  tlio 

.  ;  iHoutli  of  the  (2u<3M|iio-a!Ia   Kivcr,  uliicli  falls 

JI  iu  sixty-nine  miles  a^ove   Laniilev.     'riience 

to  the.  foot  of  the  ''FalU"  is  twelve  niihs  tiir- 

ther.     l^'i'oni  that  |>oint  lo  Thoiiijtson's  Uiver 

Forks  is  a  distaiice  of  fiftv-tVtur   to   lift v  live 

miles,  bv  the  travelled  route. 

It  is  (|uestionaMe  how  far  above  Laugley  a 
vessel  of  any  considerable  drai>L»*ht  could  n.'a<l- 
ily  be  taken ;  but  from  that  })ost  to  Fort  Hope 
tbere  seems  to  be  no  room  to  doubt  that  an 
ellicient  steamer  of  lig-ht  di-au^-ht  could  be 
advanta;vcously  iiaviufated  ;    and,  indeed,   for 


some  mi 


lesl 


liii'lK 


r  up 


Above  the  falls,  lio 


>w- 


ever,  the  obstatdes  to  steam  navigation,  and 
especially  at  the  liigher  i:;tages  of  the  ^vater, 
I  iudo'o  to  be  very  serious. 

Hitherto,  bateaux  of  about  tlireo  tons  bur- 
then have  been  employed  by  the  Hudson's 
iJay  Company,  for  transport  below  the  Falls — • 
a  slow  mt.'thod  when  the  water  is  high,  as  the 
ascent  can  tlien  be  elfected  oidy  by  v.'ar}>ing 
along  shore,  with  the  aid  of  Indian  canoes  to 
pass  the  lines.  J>y  this  tedious  process,  an 
ascent  was  made  durinu*  the  freshet  of  1848, 


6 


EXPLANATOUY    NOTES. 


to  the  fuot  of  the  Falls,  in  eii2:ht  Jri}'!^ ;  under 
ordinary  clrcnnistances,  it  Avoiild  occnpy  five. 

There  is  a  trail  (indicated  in  the  sketch  as 
"  Douglas  Portao'e")  from  the  upper  Teet  vil- 
lage, below  the  Falls,  to  Spuz-zum,  above  the 
Falls,  the  lowest  village  of  the  Saw-niee-nas, 
or  Couteau.  It  is  much  lono-er,  but  not  so 
rough  as  the  passage  of  the  river  bank,  which 
is  for  some  distance  cxtremelv  broken.  Both 
these  portao'es  are  on  the  rio'ht  bank. 

The  series  of  rapids  called  the  "Falls"  is 
about  three  miles  in  lenoih.  There  is  no  such 
abrupt  descent  as  the  name  implies.  At  low 
water  these  rapids  may  be  ascended  with  light 
craft,  by  making  portages;  but  at  the  higher 
stages  of  the  water  they  present  a  difficulty 
almost  insurmountable.  Durino;  the  summer 
season,  the  rocky  shores  of  the  "Falls"  are 
thronged  by  Indians  from  the  lower  country, 
who  resort  thither  for  the  salmon  fishery.  A 
ceaseless  feud,  I  may  here  mention,  prevails 
between  the  Couteau  and  the  lower  Indians, 
who  difier  from  each  other  widely  in  many 
respects. 

At  8puz-zum,  six  miles  above  the  Falls,  the 
river  is  crossed  to  the  left  bank,  where  is  the 
terminus  of  a  horse  trail,  opened  in  ]8'l7  and 


I 


EXl'LilNATOBY    KOTES. 


tllO 


i 


1848,  across  tlie  mountains  from  tlie  Similk- 
ameen  country,  but  abandoned  afterwards  as 
ineligible,  cliiefly  on  account  of  the  difficulties 
of  tiie  Falls. 

This  trail  follows  the  river  to  Ke-que-loose, 
six  miles  further.  At  this  point  is  the  grave 
of  a  servant  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Compiuiy, 
who,  in  1848,  was  found  shot  near  the  en- 
campment, under  circumstances  Avhich  justi- 
fied the  belief  that  lie  died  by  his  own  vol- 
untary act.  A  large  cedar  statue,  of  Indian 
workmanship,  and  a  small  enclosure,  mark  tlie 
spot.  The  banks  of  the  river  immediately 
above  this  are  very  I'ugged ;  consequently  the 
trail  ascends  the  lieiglit,  (some  two  thousand 
feet  or  more),  crosses  it,  and  descends  upon 
Anderson's  River,  at  the  forks  of  which  two 
bridges  Avere  formerly  in  existence. 

The  Similk-ameen  trail  continues  inland 
hence  ;  that  leading  to  the  forks  of  Thomp- 
son's River  (indicated  by  a  trjiil-line  in  the 
sketch)  diverges,  and  after  a  few  miles  travel 
again  strikes  Frazer's  River,  at  Tqua-yowm,  a 
populous  village  six  miles  above  Ke-que-loose 
and  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Anderson's 
River. 

Thence  to  the  Forks  of  Tho^npson's  River, 


t- 


^ 

i 


8 


EXPLANATORY    NOTES. 


wliere  tlie  miners  were  last  at  wc^rk,  is  estima- 
ted at  tliiitv-tlii'GO  and  a-lialf  miles,  tliroiio-]i  a 
Lilly  road,  in  places  very  stony  and  impassable 
for  loaded  horses  Avitliout  a  large  amount  of 
labor  in  its  improvement.  Several  streams 
fall  in  between  T(|ua-yo\vm  and  the  Forks,  one 
of  which,  during  the  fresliets,  has  to  be  ferried 
over  with  canoes.  From  Tqua-yowm  upwards 
a  iDarked  change  in  the  cliaracter  of  the  scen- 
ery trdces  place ;  tliough  rugged,  it  is  less 
densely  timbered  than  the  lower  country,  and 
shows  every  evidence  of  a  drier  climate.  The 
vicinity  of  Tqua-yowm  itself  is  ratlier  |»ictu- 
res(|ue ;  but,  what  is  of  more  importance,  it 
enjoj's  a  prolific  salmon  fishery  during  the 
season. 

From  the  Foi'ks  of  Thompson's  River,  liorse 
roads  extend  in  both  directions — up  Frazer's 
River,  and  along  Thompson's  River — as  indi- 
cated in  the  map. 

I  will  now  proceed  to  point  out  some  of  the 
difliculties  which  embarrass  this  route,  and 
wliich,  until  some  better  svstcm  be  oro-anized 
than  at  present  exists,  are  deserving  certainly 
of  serious  consideration. 

x\ssuming  the  miner  to  have  reached  the 
foot  of  the  Falls  by  batteau  or  other  convey- 


I 


EXPLANATORY    NOTES. 


the 
and 
izod 
liulv 

the 
voy- 


ance,  (and  let  me  here  remark  that  there  is  no 
practicable  way  of  reaching  this  point  from 
Fort  Langley  except  by  water),  the  more  for- 
midable impediments  to  his  progress  are  still 
in  advance.  Horses  are  not  procurable  here  ; 
nor,  if  procurable,  is  the  country  suited  for 
their  subsistence.  The  navio-ation  of  the  Falls 
at  high  water  cannot  be  acL-u.nplished  ;  nor, 
indeed,  is  the  upper  portion  of  the  river  to 
be  navio'ated  without  dithcultv  at  that  stao-e. 
At  the  lower  stao-e,  these  dithculties  are  so  far 
modified  that  they  may  be  overcome  by  por- 
tages ;  but  it  is  to  be  premised  that  a  certain 
amount  of  skill  and  experience  in  canoe  nav- 
igation— whic;h  every  one  is  not  supposed  to 
possess — is  a  necessary  condition  of  the  under- 
taking. The  alternative  is  to  proceed  on  foot; 
but  my  previous  notes  will  have  shown  that 
the  trail  is  a  rough  one,  full  of  painful  ine- 
qualities. It  would,  therefore,  be  impractica- 
ble to  convey  in  this  way  more  than  a  very 
limited  amount  of  provisions,  to  say  nothing 
of  tools  and  other  necessaries  for  mining  oper- 
ations. 

From  Fort  Hope  there  is  a  horse  trail  across 
the  mountains;  but  no  horses  are  to  be  pro- 
cured there,  as  indeed  not  any  are  kept.     All 


I     I 
f 


I' 


10  EXPLANATORY   NOTEIi. 

these  animals,  wlien  required  for  transport, 
are  brouglit  from  across  the  mountain  range, 
and  return  forthwith.  Moreover,  the  Fort 
Hope  trail  does  not  strike  the  mining  region, 
but  unites  with  the  trail  from  the  Columbia 
valley,  to  be  presently  considered.  I  subjoin 
a  resume  of  the  distances  by  the  direct  trail : 

miles 

Mouth  of  Frazer's  River  to  Fort  Laugley .25 

To  Que-que-alla  River GO 

To  Falls 12 

—  81 
Falls  Rapids 3 

To  Spuz-zurn 6 

To  Ke-que-loosc G 

To  Tqua-yowm 6 

To  Forks  of  Thompson's  River 33^ 

—  54^ 

Total IGO|- 

Hemorandum  of  Distances  by  the  Fort  Hope  Route. 

miles. 

Fort  Hope  to  the  top  of  Munson's  Mountain.  12 
Across  the  Valle}^  to  Camperaont  du  Chev- 

reuil,  (summit  of  the  Cascade  range). . .  .10 
To  Lake  near  height  of  land  in  Blackcye's 

Portage 25 

To  Tseistn.  or  Campemcnt  dos  Femmes 20 

To  Rocher  de  la  Bicho 20 

Total,  to  the  junction  uith  Dalles  Trail. . —     87 


rl 


81 


EXPLANATORY    NOTKS.  11 

From  Rochcr  de  la  Bichc  to  forks  of  Thompson's 

^^^^^ 85 

Total,  Fort  Hope  to  Forl:s  Thompson's  Kivcr~r72 
Mouth  of  Fraser's  River  to  Fort  Hope 84 

Distance  via  Fort  Hope— Total 256 

N.  B.— The  above  distances,  as  far  as  Rocher  de 
la  Biche,  are  noted  according-  to  the  encampments  it 
13  necessary  to  make,  in  order  to  seenre  scanty  pas- 
turage  in  the  mountain  for  pack  animals. 

Route  via  Columbia  River  and  the  Dalles. 

Every  facility  of  Steam  Xavio-ation'  exists 
between  Portland  and  the  Dalles.    The  transit 
between  ■  hese  two  points  is  ])erfornied  in  part 
of  two  days,  the  intervening  night  being  pas- 
sed at  the  Cascades,  ^vhel•c  travelers  are  well 
accommodated.    An  attempt  is  heing  made  to 
extend    steamboat   navigation    as  far  as  the 
Priest's    Ptapids,    sixty    miles    abo\-e    Walla- 
Walla,  and  one  hundred  and  ninety  from  the 
Dalles  ;  but  the  success  of  this  project  is  thus 
far  undecided. 

With  liorses  there  are  two  routes  to  the 
Priest's  Rapids  :  One  crossing  jhe  Columbia 
Piver  at  the  Dalles,  passing  over  the  dividing 

ridge  to  the  Yackama  Vallev,  and  continuinrr 

1 1  j^ 


X 


'^f 


12 


EXPLANATORY    NOTES. 


across  until  the  Columbia  is  a<>ain  struck  at 
the  point  in  question,  wlicro  the  Columbia  is 
reci'osseJ  to  its  left  bank.  (\.  1). — Tiiis  trail 
in  crossing  the  Yackama  Valley,  joins  the 
trail  which  parties  from  Puget's  Sound,  cross- 
ing by  the  Xachess  ]^ass,  ^voul(l  necessarily 
follow.  The  necessitv  of  crossino-  to  the  left 
bank  at  tlie  Priest's  Papids,  arises  from  the 
impracticable  nature  of  tlie  country  on  the 
right  side,  between  that  point  and  (Jkinagan.) 

The  other  route  is  by  following  the  left 
bank  of  the  Columbia  from  the  Dalles  to  Wal- 
la-A\"alla,  crossing  the  Snake  Piver  at  its 
mouth,  and  tlience  continuino'  alowj:  the  Co- 
lumbia  to  the  I'riest's  Papids.  (N.  1>. — There 
are  several  modifications  of  the  latter  portion 
of  this  route,  some  of  which  are  shorter;  but 
I  instance  this  for  simplicity.) 

The  first  described  route  is-  :uch  the  short- 
er, as  the  Great  Bend  of  the  Columbia  Piver 
is  cut  off  by  it.  Put  the  double  crossino'  of 
the  Columbia  is  a  serious  obstacle  ;  and  the 
Yackama  Piver,  when  high,  is  a  troublesome 
impediment. 

For  this  reason,  I  should  prefer  tlie  longer 
route  by  Walla-AValla;  an  J  the  more  so,  as  it 


EXPLANATORY    NOTES. 


13 


is  passable  at  all   seasons,  ^vll^ch  the  other  is 
not,  owing  to  snow  in  the  mountain. 
There  is  good  grass  by  both  routes. 


•rt- 
ver 
of 
I  the 
nne 

ijxer 
IS  it 


From  tlie  Priest's  Rapids  the  Indian  trail  is 
follow^ed  up  some  twent3'-five  miles,  when  it 
strikes  ofl"  the  river,  and  enters  the  Grande 
Coulef.  an  extraordinary  ravine,  the  orioin  of 
which  has  been  a  matter  of  much  speculation. 
A  portion  of  it  is  approximately  sketched  on 
the  map.  The  bottom  of  this  ravine  is  very 
smooth,  and  aifords  excellent  travelino-;  o-ood 
encampinents  are  found  at  regular  intervals. 
After  followino'  it  for  about  sixtv  miles,  the 
trail  strikes  off  for  the  Columbia,  at  a  \^omi  a 
few  miles  beyond  a  small  lake,  called  by  the 
voyo'jcnrs^  Le  Lac  a  V Eau  BUnc,  (N.  11 — 
It  is  necessary  to  encamp  at  this  lake.  Tliere 
is  a  small  stream  twentv-five  miles  or  so  be- 
fore  reaching  the  lake,  which  is  another  reg- 
ular encampment;  and  again  another  stream- 
let about  thirty  miles  short  of  that  last  men- 
tioned, where  it  would  likewise  be  necessary 
to  encamp.  This  would  be  the  iirst  encamp- 
ment in  the  Grande  Coulee  after  leaving  tho 
Columbia.     I  cannot  recall  any  encamping 


t. 


~£k 


14 


EXPLANATORY-    NOTES. 


i     :♦ 


groinids,  otlior  tlian  these  three,  in  this  por- 
tion of  tlie  road.) 

Striking  oiT  from  the  point  mentioned,  in  a 
direction  about  N.N.W.,  tlie  trail  reaches  the 
Cohimhia  a  few  miles  above  Fort  Okinagan, 
wliicli  l*03t  is  called  twenty-five  miles  from  the 
Grande  Coulee.  Ferrying  at  the  Fort,  (the 
horses  being  swum),  the  trail  ascends  the 
Okinagan  liiver,  cutting  points  here  and  there, 
as  shown  in  the  i=ketch.  At  about  sixty  miles 
from  the  post  is  the  Similk-a-meen  Fork.  TJie 
Okinagan  is  r^s?  ed  just  above  tlie  junction. 
This  crossing  is  narrow,  and  at  the  ordinary 
stao'c  of  the  water  can  be  forded  "with  ease  ; 
at  a  higher  stage,  a  canoe  is  hired.  There  is 
usually  a  pretty  large  concourse  of  Indians  at 
this  point  during  the  salmon  season.  It  is 
good  policy  to  supply  the  chief  with  a  little 
tobacco,  to  smoke  with  his  followers.  Good 
will  is  thus  cheaply  secured. 

From  the  Forks,  the  trail  ascends  the  Sim- 
lik-a-meen  ;  but  as  the  lower  part  of  that  river, 
where  it  breaks  into  the  Okinagan  Valley,  is 
very  rugged,  it  is  advisable  to  ascend  the 
Okinagan  some  miles,  and  along  the  lakes,  by 
the  main  road  towards  Kamloops.  A  trail 
then  branches  off,  as  by  the  sketch,  and  ascends 


^ 


EXPLANATORY    NOTES. 


15 


T^  IS 

the 


the  hills  towards  the  Siniilk-a-mcen.  After 
proceeding  some  distance,  there  is  a  small 
lake,  affording  a  good  encampment  (called  in 
the  map  "Crow  Encampment."  Continuing 
thence,  the  trail  falls  on  the  Simillc-a-meen 
above  the  obstacles  referred  to.  Tlie  valley 
of  the  Similk-a-mcen  abounas  in  good  pas- 
ture. Except  during  the  freshets,  the  stream 
is  i^eadily  fordable ;  and  the  trail  accordingly 
is  made  to  cross  it  frequently  at  such  seasons, 
whereby  several  hills  and  some  stony  places 
are  avoided.  During  the  freshets,  the  left 
bank  is  followed  without  interruption. 

At  the  Red-Earth  Fork  the  Similk-a-meen 
is  left.  The  trail,  following  up  a  branch  of 
this  valley  watered  by  the  Red-Earth  stream, 
etc.,  crosses  the  height  of  land  which  divides 
the  water-shed  of  Frazer's  River  fi-om  that  of 
the  Columbia,  and  descends  towards  Nicholas' 
Lake.  A  few  miles  before  reachino-  the  lake 
there  is  a  cut-off,  indicated  in  the  sketch, 
which  strikes  Nicholas'  River  below  the  out- 
let of  the  lake.  This  river  is  crossed  to  its 
riglit  bank,  and  followed  about  thirty-five 
miles,  when  it  is  recrossed,  (by  fording  in  both 
cases,  at  the  ordinary  stage  of  the  water) ; 
and  the  Doint  is  cut,  seventeen  miles,  to  Nica- 


• 


u 


^''-l 


10 


EXl'LANATORY    NOTES. 


0-meon  on  Thoinpsoirs  Niver.  (\.  !>. — P)e- 
sidos  tho  advantanv  of  this  cut-oil'  in  point  of 
shortness,  the  rig'ht  b;iuk  of  the  stiH.'am  is  very 
sleep  and  broken   between  the  k)wer  crossing* 


and  the  junction  of  the  stream  with  Thomp- 
son's lliver  at  Thlik-um-cheena.) 

Nica-o-meen  is  the  commencement  of  the 
niiiiino-  reu'ion,  as  so  far  declared.  Tlience  it 
is  thirteen  miles  to  the  Forks  of  Thompson's 
River. 

I  now  append  an  estimate  of  tlie  distances 
by  this  route,  wliicli  will  be  found,  1  trust, 
reliable  ;  and  I  also  add  a  memorandum  of 
the  encampments  which  a  party  with  pack 
animals  might  expect  to  make. 


1 1 


ESTIMATE   OF   DISTANCES. 


mil  03. 


From  the  Dalles  across  the  Yaekanui  Valley,  to 

the  crossing  place  above  Priest's  Rapids  . .   125 

Five  days'  march  with  packs. 

1}  Y    W  A  L  LA-  ^y  A  L  L  A . 

Dalles  to  Walla- Walla 130 

To  crossing  place  above  Priest's  Rapids.   GO-— 190 

Eight  days'  march  with  packs. 


lOl 
111 


EXPLANATORY    NOTES.  iT 

From  the  Priest's  Rapids  crossing  to  the 

Grande  Coulee 25 

Along  the  Grande  Coulee 60 

To  Okinagan 25—110 

From  Okinagan  to  Forks  of  Similk-a-meen .   60 

To  Red-Earth  Fork 90 

To  Cut-off  near  Nicholas  Lake 55 

To  Lower  Crossing  Nicholas'  River 35 

Across  to  Nicaomeen 17 

To  Forks  of  Thompson's  River 13—270 

Total  distance  from  the  Priest's  Rapid  Crossing 
place  to  Thompson's  River  Forks 380 

Distance  from  the  Dalles  by  the  several  routes  : 

Yackamd  Route 125  x  380=405 

Walla-Walla  Route 190  x  380=570 

Estimate  of  March  from  the  Priest's  Rapids 
Crossing  to  the  Forks  of  Thompson'' s  River. 

1st — Encampment  on  the  Columbia,   near  where 
the  trail  leaves  the  River. 

2nd— On  first  rivulet  in  Grande  Coulee. 

3rd — On  second  rivulet  in  do. 

4:th — At  the  small  lake  in  do. 

6th — At  Okinagan. 

•yth— Rividre  k  la  Grise,  or  Rat  Lp'-e. 

8th— Upper  Bonaparte's  River. 

9t]i— Forks  of  Similk-a-meen. 
10th — Crow  Encampment, 
nth,  12th  and  13th— Along  the  Similk-a-meen. 
2 


18 


KXPLANATOKV    NOTES. 


Mill — At,  or  beyond.  Tlcd-Eartli  Fork. 

l.')tli — Near  IloL'hor  do  la  r>iclio. 

KUli — (>ut-oIV  near  Nicholas'  Lake. 

17th — Upon  Nicholas'  Uiver. 

18  th — Nicka-o-meen. 

10th — Forks  of  Thompson's  River. 

Or,  27  days  from  the  Dalles,  via  Walla-Walla. 

It  may  l»o  noted  liore  tliat,  tliroiiccliout  tlie 
(listaiK'O,  tlu-rc  are  no  obstacles  to  an  easy 
luarcli,  boyoiid  tliose  tliat  T  have  endeavored 
to  note.  Pasture  and  water  are  plentiful,  an<l 
fuel,  for  tlie  o;renter  part  of  the  distance, 
likewise  abounds.  Along  the  Cohunbia,  the 
country  is  bare  of  timber;  elsewhere  the  val- 
leys are  clear,  the  hills  sparsely  timbered  w^ith 
the  Colville  lie<l  Pine,  (pinus  pori,fleros((). — 
There  are  numerous  tracts  of  very  fertile  soil. 

As  already  mentioned,  there  are  two  trails 
across  the  Cascade  range  for  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Similk-a-meen  country:  one  stiik- 
ing  to  Ke-qiie-loose  and  Shuz-zum,  above  the 
Fall ;  the  other  at  Fort  Hope,  below^  the  F\alls, 
'J'he  foi'mer  was  abandoned  in  1849,  chiefly 
on  account  of  the  diflicnlties  of  the  F\lls.  As 
it  approaches  Frazer's  River,  too,  it  is  extreme- 
ly rugged.  The  Fort  Hope  route  is  used  by 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  for  the  transport 


tl 
tl 


m 


m 


I 


EXl'LANATOUV    NOTES. 


10 


dt  tlie 
I  easy 
ivoi'cd 
111,  and 
HtancOy 
»ia,  tlio 
lie  val- 
3d  with 
osa). — 
ile  soil, 
o  trails 
io'hbor- 
le  strik- 
ove  the 
le  Falls, 
chiefly 
ills.    As 
extreme- 
used  by 
ransport 


between  Frazer's  River  and  tlie  several  inland 
districts.  The  route  over  the  mountains  is 
short,  but  rugged,  and  pasture  is  scarce  It  is 
of  course  impassable  with  horses,  except  after 
the  melting  of  the  snows  late  in  June,  and 
until  about  the  middle  of  October.  Both 
these  routes,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  sketch, 
unite  >vith  the  Italics  trail  at  diHorent  points. 


MEMORANDA  AND  NOTES 

On  several  suhjccts  connected  'with  the  A[ining 

IiC(/ion. 

The  gold  found  in  the  Couteau  country  has 
so  far  been  procured  chiefly  from  dry  dig- 
gings. It  is  "coarse"  gold,  and  its  quality 
stands  high  in  the  market.  Considerable 
quantities  are  reported  to  have  been  dug  by 
the  natives,  who,  so  far,  appear  to  have  been 
the  chief  miners. 

The  Nicoutameens*  or  Couteaux,  are  nu- 
merous. They,  and  other  branches  of  the  great 

*  Couteaux,  or  Knives,  is  merely  a  corniption  by  the  Cana- 
dian voyageurs  of  the  native  name.  The  Lower  Indians  caU 
|;hem  Saw-mee-nd;  they,  in  turn,  call  the  Lower  Indians  Sd- 
chi-no ;  neither  party  recognizing  the  foreign  name. 


M 


20 


EXPLANATORY   NOTES. 


She-whap-miick  tribe,  inhabit  the  banks  of 
Frazer's  River,  from  a  little  above  the  Falls  to 
the  frontier  of  New  Caladonia.  Their  extreme 
poverty  formerly  made  them  roguish,  and  their 
reputation  was  bad ;  but  my  own  experience 
of  their  character  was  nowise  unfavorable. — 
These  Indians  subsist  chiefly  on  salmon,  and 
various  kinds  of  roots  and  berries.  Their  sal- 
mon they  cure  by  splitting  and  drying,  either 
in  the  smoke  or  sun. 

The  Indians  between  Fort  Langley  and  the 
Falls,  known  as  Hart-lins,  Pal-lalks,  Teets,  <fec. 
according  to  the  villages  they  inhabit,  differ 
widely  from  the  Couteaux,  both  in  habits  and 
language.  They  are  ingenious  and  thrifty; 
and  having  said  this,  it  is  about  all  I  can  say 
in  their  favor.  They  are,  however,  not  indis- 
posed towards  whites,  and,  considerately  treat- 
ed, will  doubtless  remain  so. 

As  before  mentioned,  the  upper  and  lower 
Indians  have  a  standing  feud,  which  is  kept 
alive  by  a  treacherous  murder  every  now  and 
then,  as  occasion  presents. 

The  miner  visiting  these  regions,  will  find 
no  native  resources,  beyond  what  the  river 
supplies.  Land  animals  are  scarce,  and  withal 
so  much  hunted  as  to  be  extremely  shy.    Sal- 


md  tlio 
3ts,  &c. 
,  differ 
its  and 
:lirifty ; 
an  say 
t  indis- 
y  treat- 

1  lower 
is  kept 
ow  and 

all  find 
le  river 
i  withal 
y.    Sal- 


EXPLANATORY   NOTES. 


21 


mon  can  usually  be  bought  very  cheaply ;  but 
as  there  is  no  salt,  save  what  may  be  imported, 
there  is  no  way  of  curing  the  fish  but  by  the 
Indian  method.  At  Ska-oose,  below  the  Forks, 
is  a  good  sturgeon  fishery ;  and  elsewhere,  in 
the  eddies,  these  fish  may  be  caught.  A  strong 
line  with  some  laro^e  cod  hooks,  might  be  a 
useful  addition  to  the  miner's  equipment.  Set 
lines  are  an  eflficient  way  of  catching  these 
fish  :  the  bait  a  small  fish,  or  what  is  better, 
when  procurable,  a  lamprey-eel.  There  are 
trout  in  the  streams ;  and  on  the  Dalles  com- 
munication, grouse  of  various  kinds,  sage  hens 
and  other  fowl  are  generally  abundant. 

In  ascending  Fraser's  River,  mosquitoes  are 
very  numerous  during  the  summer  season  ; 
and  as  the  sea-breeze  is  rarely  felt,  the  air  is 
extremely  sultry.  Near  the  Tchae-tse-sum 
River,  below  Fort  Hope,  the  mosquitoes  sud- 
denly cease,  and  thence  upwards  the  river  is 
free  of  these  troublesome  pests. 

The  regular  freshets  begin  at  the  latter  end 
of  April,  and  last  during  May  and  June. — 
About  the  15th  of  June  may  be  regarded  as 
the  culminating  point ;  and  by  the  middle  of 
July  the  waters  are  generally  greatly  subsided. 
There  is  rarely  a  freshet  of  much  consequence 


yn 


22 


EXPLANATOUY    NOTES. 


at  any  other  season  ;  Imt  this  sometimes  liap- 
pens,  and  I  liave  known  a  su<klen  tVesliet  from 
heavy  rains,  in  October,  raise  the  river  beyond 
the  summer  limit. 

Snow  begins  to  fall  in  the  mountains  early 
in  October.  In  July  there  is  still  snow  for  a 
short  distance  on  th<3  summit  of  the  Fort  Hope 
trail,  but  not  to  ir.ipede  the  passage  of  horses. 
From  the  middle  of  October,  liowever,  to  the 
middle  of  June,  this  track  is  not  to  be  depend- 
ed upon  for  transport  with  pack  animals. 

The  summer  climate  about  the  Forks  is  dry, 
and  the  heat  is  great.  ]^uring  winter,  the 
thermometer  indicates  occasionally  from  20° 
to  30°  of  cold  below  :::ero  of  Fahrenheit ;  but 
such  severe  cold  seldom  lasts  on  the  npper 
parts  of  Frazer's  River  for  more  than  three 
days ;  the  thermometer  will  then  continue  to 
fluctuate  between  zero  and  the  freezing-point, 
nntil,  possibly,  another  interval  of  cold  arrives. 

l>ut  the  winters  are  extremely  capricious 
throughout  tliese  regions,  and  no  two  resem- 
ble each  otlier  very  closely.  In'  general  tho 
snow  does  not  fall  deep  enough  along  tho 
banks  of  the  main  streams,  to  preclude  winter 
traveling  with  })ack  animals.  The  quality  of 
the  pasture  is  such  (a  kind  of  bunch  grass  in 


or 

CO 


EXPLANATORY    NOTES. 


23 


most  i)laces)  that  animals  feed  well  at  all  sea- 
sons. There  are  many  spots  between  the  Sim- 
ilkameen  Valley  and  Okinngan  that  are  spec- 
ially favorable  for  winter  ranches.  In  some, 
the  snow  never  lies,  however  <Ieep  it  may  be> 
aronnd. 

The  countr\',  fiom  (he  mouth  of  I'^razcr's 
Kiver  np  to  the  Falls,  is  thickly  wooded, 
mountainons,  and  impassable,  so  to  sju'ak,  for 
man  or  beast.  The  ri\er  becomes  more  con- 
tracted above  Fort  IIo}h}.  Above  the  Falls, 
as  far  as  Tqua-yowm,  the  character  of  the 
country  continues  to  resemble  the  same  dis- 
tance below.  At  T(jua-yowm,  liowever,  as 
already  noticed,  a  ('hange  takes  place,  and  the 
evidences  of  a  drier  climate  begin  to  a|)j)ear. 
These  continue  to  become  more  marked  as  we 
approach  the  Forks.  At  Thlik-um-chee-na, 
or  the  Little  Fork,  and  u])wards,  rattle-snakes, 
wormwood  and  the  cactus  (prickly-pear),  char- 
acterize the  i^cene ;  and  some  of  these  attri- 
butes extend  thence  downward  for  some  dis- 
tance. 

At  this  point,  (Thlik-um-chec-na,  the  junc- 
tion of  .Nicholas'  Itiver  with  Thompson's  Kiv- 
er), the  IJorse  Kegion  may  be  said  faii'ly  to 
commence.     Hence,  to  the  frontiers  of  New 


I 


24 


EXPLANATORY    NOTES. 


Caledonia,  northward,  and  southward  to  the 
Pampas  of  Mexico,  this  useful  animal  is  the 
best  servant  of  man.  Horses,  however,  are 
dear  luxuries  (comparatively  speaking)  in  this 
quarter.  At  the  Dalles,  and  around  Walla- 
Walla,  they  are  more  numerous,  and  may  be 
bought  at  very  moderate  rates. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  suggest  to  every 
miner,  by  which  road  soever  he  may  travel  to 
the  Couteau  mines,  to  supply  himself  well  be- 
forehand, as  he  can  depend  upon  little  in  that 
region,  save  what  is  imported  by  himself  or 
others. 


I   ' ' 


V^dZ  i:^'4r 


.^.^^i; 


Language  used  by  the  different^JfiMfiv--^^^ 
French  and  Half- Breeds,  of  Frazer'^s  River, 
Puget  Sound,  and  surrounding  country,  as 
the  means  of  Conversation  with  Americans, 


"Waw  "Waw To  speak 

Nika I 

Mika You 

Yaka He  or  She 

Nesika We 

Mesika AYe  (D^ural) 

Klaska \They 

Klacksta Who 

Man Man 

Klootchman Woman 

Tcnass  klootchman.  ..Girl 

Tenass  man Boy 

Mokoke  house ....  A  store 

Moola Saw  mill 

Kanim Canoe 

Issick Paddle 

Chuck Water 

Sockally   tyee. ..The    Al- 
mighty. 

Kapo A  relative 

Chitch Grandmother 


Boston American 

Pesioux French 

King  George,  Eng.  Scotch, 

Irish. 
Sitcum  Siwashe,  Half-br'd 

Tyee Chief 

Elitee Slave 

Ou Brother 

Ats Sister 

Oloman An  old  man 

Lemeyi . . .  An  old  woman 

Sun Day 

Polakley Night 

Tenass  polakley..  .Sunset 

Sitcum  sun Noon 

Tenass  sun Morning 

Oke  oke  sun To-day 

Tumalla To-morrow 

Tamanass  man. . .  .Indian 

Doctor. 
Chickamen.  .Metals  of  all 

kinds. 


•• 


s 


^  >%• 


't  • 


1*  %}  \%-^^%    %  •• 

CHINOOK   JARGON. 


p  % 


-.  > 


V 


Pish.  *^ .., . .  .^ 
i  Tenass  Saljiicl 


,^    .  ^good  to  eat.  ^Lakootclie., .Clams  , 

■  '      '  -        '  ;  r.  .  : .  Fi^i'^I^cmaif  ^af)alel!^  I'yTonr 
,. .  *||i^non  'Snpali/l  .  .\^. .  .^.^  .Wheat 
^  *  _Lv.ii.».^o  >-,c. -j»*v.i^  . .  .  .Tri)ut  Le  Biscuit. . . .  Hard  broaS.*    ^ 
«#s0  ^J|^\«4H%V<  ^  .i^>mi!S^7WH^tici^hoo^  .\  .  .NliJiAeti;'  ^ 

Oleally.  .  .  . .  .^  .  .Uenies  Tcxjtoosh.  .  .'^ Milk 

IMrAcii^aH^'.^ltlijje  berries  (jI^cQi^V  .  JS.  .  ^..yj|»«!^  ♦ 
Cold  oleallv.  ^  .Cranljerries  Tootoosh  Gleece.  .  .Butter 

Pill  oleally. . Strawberries  Pasissce Blanket 

"Wapito .Potato  Shirt Shirt 

Molas MelasscsSeapoooe Cap 

Shuga Sugar  Capeau Cook 

Sil Cloth  Seekolieks Pants 

Le  Shawl .Shawh  Lalopa llibbons 

La  wane Oats^  Akacpooit Needle 

Lum Rum  Sil  sil Buttons 

Pire  chuck,  Ardent  spirits  Klapite Thread 

Skin  shoes Moccasins  Kamoosack Beads 

Chickamen  shoes.  ..Horse | Luck wullah Nuts 

shoes.  i 


ANIMALS,  BIRDS,  FISE,  ETC. 

Kuitan Horse  Skudeo Squirrel 

Moos  moos CowlSkubbyou Skunk 

La  mutto Sheep  |  Man  moos  moos Ox 

Kramox Dog  Korey  kuitan,  Pace  horse 

Pish  pish Cat,Le  lo Wolf 

Kushaw Hog  Lo  cock Rooster 

Mo  witch Deer:  Le  pole Hen 

Itsoot BeariLo  sap Egg 

Quitchaddy Rabbit ;Tenass  la  kootche,Muscles 

Swaawa Panther iTcnass  moos  moos. .  .Calf 


;gj^ 


CHINOOK   JARGOX. 


21 


Moolack  or  moose Elk 

La  tate Head 

La  pea * Foot 

Tee  owit Le^^ 

Yachoot Belly 

La  pooshe ^loutli 

Leeda Teeth 

Eiia Beaver 

Ninamox Otter 

Olikliiyou Seal 

Le  mule  or  hyas  koloii . . 
Mule. 

Kulla  kalla Birds 

Yakolla Kagle 

Mauk Duck 

Shakirk llawk 

AVauo;h  waugli Owl 

Smock  mock Grouse 

Skad Mole 

Soolee Mouse 

Oluck Snake 

Quanlce Whale 

Quiceo Porpoise 

Gyakut Trail  or  road 

Quass Fear,  afraid 

Tzae Sweet 

La  table Table 

Sockally Tli^h 

Keekwully..Low,  beneath 

Yoolkut Long 

Siyah Distance 

Tenass Small 

ITyas Largo 

Skookum Strong 

Wake  Skookum ....  Weak 

Le  lang Tongue 

Seeah  boose Eyes 

Sharty Sing 

Solux Angry 


Patle Full 

Patlura.  .Drunk  or  full  of 

rum. 

Lope Rope 

Initio Over,  across 

Klip Deep 

Keemta Behind 

Hooey  hooey. .exchange, 

barter  ' 

Ivopa From,  towards 

Olo. .  .  .Hungry  or  thirsty 
Quis  quis. .  ..A  straw  mat 

Paper Paper 

'  Lapiage A  trap 

i  Alloyma Another 

I  Miami Down  stream 

:Machlanny. .  .Toward  the 

land. 

Illahe Land 

!Toto Wind 

Sick  tum  turn. . .  .Sorrow, 

regret. 
I  An  nah  an  nah. . .  Surprise 

Killipie Capsize 

Kockshet. .  .Fight,  break, 

injure. 

Sick Sick 

lElip First 

I  Alta At  present 

'  Alkey Afterwards 

Hi  you Plenty 

Konaway All 

iKar Where 

Till Heavy 

I  Delate Straight 

Seepy Crooked 

Hyack Quick 

Klawa Slow 

Chee New 


28 


CHINOOK   JARGON. 


Dly Dry 

Koory Run 

Chaco Come 

Clatawa Go 

Mamook Work 

Kloshe Good 

Masatchy Bad 

Le  Job Devil 

La  plate Priest 

Lo  lo Carry 

Pooh Shoot 

Kow Tie 

Klack Untie 

Hee  hee  la  ma. .  .Gamble 

Kumtux Understand 

"Wake  Konsick. . .  .Never 

Konsick How  much 

Kultus Nothing 

Kopet Stop 

Kopet  waw  waw...  .Stop 
talking. 

Nanitch Look,  see 

Halo None 

Potlatch Give 

Iscum Take 

Klapp Find 

Ipsoot Conceal,  hide 

Yawa There 

Yakwa Here 

Turn  turn Heart 

Mareie Thanks 

Hee  hee Laugh 

Tance Dance 

Tin  tin Music 

Quonisum Always 

Wah Astonishment 

Kaata Why 

Pe  kata Why 

Abba Well  there 


Moosum Sleep 

Chick  chick. . . .  A  wagon 
Oihe. .  .Sandwich  Islands 

Oakoak This  or  that 

Ikta What 

Tikke Wan|; 

Ikta  mika  tikke,  What  do 
you  want. 

Dly  top  seu Hay 

Snass Raiu 

Cold  snass Snow 

Le  hash Axe 

Opsu Knife 

La  Queen Saw 

La  peep Pipe 

Kianoose. Tobacco 

La  plash A  plank 

KuUkull  stick Oak 

La  plash  stick Cedar 

Le  gum  rtick Pine 

Kokwa The  same 

Ikt  stick A  yard 

Tenass  musket Pistol 

Poleally Powder 

Kalidon Shot  or  balls 

Musket , . . .  .Gun 

Skullapeen Rifle 

Mimaloose Kill 

Pooh Shoot 

Kaps  wallah Steal 

La  Selle Saddle 

La  breed Bridle 

Sitlie Stirrup 

Lesibro Spurs 

La  pushmo, Saddle  blanket 

Siskiyou Bob-tail 

Leky . .  Spotted  or  piebald 
De  creme . .  Cream  colored 
Kiale Black 


CHINOOK   JARGON. 


29 


Top  seu Grass 

Ualluck  laporte,  Open  the 

door. 
Iktpooy  laporte,  Shut  the 

door. 
Klakany. . .  .Out  of  doors 

Aiicutty Long  ago 

Lay  lay A  long  tune 

Mokook . . .  Barter,  buy  or 

sell. 
Keek  wully  coat .  Petticoat 
KeekwuUy  sikolocks 

Drawers. 

Lemoro "Wild 

Ae  kik Fish  hook 

Staetejay Island 

Kooy  kooy Rings 

Pe  chuck Green 

Pill Ked 

Te  kope White 

Hyas  Sunday.  .Christmas 

and  Fourth  of  July. 
Klonass. . .  .1  don't  know 

Kumtux Understand 

Wake  nika  kumtux.  .1  do 

not  understand. 
Midlight Sit  down 


Midwhit. Stand  up,  get  up 

Laporte Door 

Halluck Open 

La  Woolitch A  boLile 

Iktpooy Shut 

Pilpil Blood 

Pilton Fool 

Klamenewhit False 

Taraanass  . . .  .Witchcraft 

Klemenwhit False 

Cold A  year 

Moon Moon 

Klakcee Stars 

How Listen 

Leglow Nail 

La  chaise Chair 

Oskan Cup 

Lapell Spado 

Closhe  Illahe Prairie 

Cold  sun Winter 

Warm  sun Summer 

Six Friend 

Shetsham Swim 

Wicht Also 

Tickachey Although 

Teilacoom A  relative 

Momok  Chaco Bring 


■  v 

•i 


no 


CHINOOK    JAROON. 


E  X  2\  M  P  L  E  S . 


'  H  I- 
i  ) 


:J. 


American. — Como  here,  friend,  I  want  to  talk  with 
you. 

Indian. — Chako  six,  nika  tikko  waw  waw  copa  mika. 

Am.— What  ?    Ind.— Ikta ! 

Am. — I  want  to  buy  a  canoo  with  four  paddles. 

Ind. — Nika  tikke  mokook  kanim  pe  locket  issick. 

Am. — Very  good.    Ind. — Closho. 

Am. — What  is  your  price  ? 

Ind. — Konsick  dollar  niika  tikke. 

Am. — Thirty  dollars. 

Ind. — Klone  totilum  dollar. 

Am. — No  sir,  I'll  give  you  $20. 

Ind. — Wake  six,  nika  marsh  copa  mika  mox  totilum 

dollar. 
Am. — I  don't  know ;  I'U  see. 
Ind. — Ivlonass,  nika  nanitch. 
Am. — Will  you  find  three  more  Indians,  and  go  with 

us  to  work  canoo  up  Frazer  river  to  the  gold 

land  ? 
Ind. — Mika  klapp  klone  alloyama  siwashe  pe  klata- 

wa  copa  nesika  mamook  kanim  sockally  Frazer 

river  copa  gole  ilahe  ? 
Am. — Yes,  that's  my  mind,  if  you  pay  plenty  money. 
Ind. — Nowitka,  coqua  nika  turn  tum   spose  mika 

marsh  hiyou  chickamen. 


u» 


CHINOOK    J  arc;  OX. 


31 


NUMERALS. 


Ikt 1 

Mox 2 

Klorie 3 

Locket 4 

Qiiiiiam 5 

Tubum G 

Sinimox ,. 7 


Sootkin 8 

Quies 9 

Totilura 10 

Totilura  pe  ikt 11 

Totilum  po  mox 12 

Tkt  Tokamonak 100 

Ikt  hyai<s  TokamonaklOOO 


rOINTS  OF  COMPASS. 

Stowbelow North 

Stegwaak South 

Sun  diako East 

Sun  midliyrht West 


rABLE  OF  DISTANCES. 


San  Francisco  to  Eellingham  Bay 855  miles 

Bellingham  Bay  to  Fort  Hope  via  trail  and 

river 75     " 

Fort  Hope  to  the  "Diggings" 75     " 


Total 1,005 


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